March 1st, 2000 

As the veterinarian stepped into the exam room, she couldn’t help but notice the litter of adorable puppies snuggled up together in a small crate. They had been brought in for their first check-up, and the vet was eager to ensure their health and growth were on track. 

As the consultation progressed, she couldn’t shake the thought that perhaps she should have growth charts for the puppies, like in human medicine. After all, it was always an essential component of pediatric check-ups when she brought her own children to the doctor. The idea made perfect sense. What better way to monitor healthy growth than to collect quantitative data like weight and height and compare them to the standard values listed in the charts her doctor used. 

It would be a great tool, just like growth charts in human medicine that could provide valuable insights and early detection of any potential issues for these puppies.  

To her knowledge, no such tool existed in veterinary medicine, but hey, this would certainly be a game-changer.  

March 1st, 2023 

Pediatric growth charts for puppies and kittens are a reality that is available to all veterinarians and pet parents. And I believe they are true game changers!  

What are pediatric growth charts for puppies and kittens?

You are certainly familiar with the growth charts that are used in human medicine by pediatricians. Now, in veterinary medicine, we have them as well for puppies and kittens!  

I see them as a modern-day compass, guiding pet parents through the maze of growth and development. And in their hands lies the power to not only nurture, but to also protect the well-being of their beloved pets. 

Pediatric growth charts in puppies and kittens track two parameters: weight and age. As you can see on the pictures 1 and 2, they are made of several lines (called centile lines) and help us analyze an animal’s growth pattern.  

A normal growth pattern should follow along the centiles lines that are drawn there. However, if it crosses 2 centiles upwards or downwards, we have a growth alert. If the pet exhibits such a sudden decline or stagnation in growth, the growth chart serves as an invaluable reference that allows pet parents to promptly consult a veterinarian and address the issue if needed.  

You can access them here for puppies, and here for kittens. 

Puppy growth chart

Kitten Growth Chart

The importance of growth charts for pet health

Monitoring the growth and development of our furry friends is just as important as it is for human children when it comes to their health. 

We used to say “puppies/kittens need to grow harmoniously,” but we were mainly looking at it from a qualitative aspect, unable to objectively quantify what it meant. 

Now that we have growth charts, we can.  

Yet, we are still facing the same challenge that human medicine faces. 

We have the tools, but we do not always use them. 

Overcoming obstacles to using growth charts

As I was going through the literature on pediatric growth charts in human medicine, I noticed that one obstacle to implementing them in a country is ensuring that… doctors actually take the time to use them. 

This “time constraint” excuse is frequently used by doctors, despite the wealth of evidence showing the benefits of growth charts in promoting children’s health. 

However, in human medicine it is clearly established that underutilization of growth data can have severe consequences, such as missed opportunities for early detection of growth disorders and inadequate monitoring of treatment effectiveness. 

Therefore, making time for thorough analysis and monitoring of growth patterns is essential, and it would be time well invested! 

True for human doctors…. and true for veterinarians and pet parents I guess. 

Sure, they have some limitations. 

We don’t have growth charts for giant dogs because the study showed significant variations in giant breeds. 

The charts for kittens are based on domestic short hair kittens, and one can argue that in Bombays or Maine Coons, we might be looking at very different growth patterns. 

But think of the story at the beginning of the post. 

Twenty years ago, we had nothing at all. 

And in our data-driven world, I am sure that, with time, those puppy and kitten growth charts will be perfected. 

After all, even in humans, they did not get it right immediately; they constantly revisit and adapt their models. 

There is no doubt that, in veterinary medicine, we will get there as well. 

Making growth charts an atomic habit in veterinary medicine

Despite these limitations, growth charts can still be a valuable tool for monitoring the health of puppies and kittens. 

When used in conjunction with other assessments, such as physical exams, they can provide a more comprehensive understanding of a puppy or kitten’s health and development. 

As mentioned earlier, we are fortunate to live in an era where we have numerous resources to help enhance the well-being of puppies and kittens. 

On this topic, I refer to James Clear’s book “Atomic Habits.”: 

“Atomic Habits are the Building Blocks of Remarkable Results”.  

This evaluation should be a standard aspect of every pediatric appointment.  

We must transform it into an atomic habit of veterinary pediatric consultations. And this is something pet parents should implement for their puppies and kittens as well. 

When “atomic habits” become ingrained, they bring about significant changes. 

Growth charts are available, so let’s make the most of them! 

——————————————————————————————————————————- 

Emmanuel Fontaine graduated from the Toulouse Veterinary School in 2004, he continued his studies at the Alfort Veterinary School (Paris) as trainee Vet in the domestic carnivore unit of the Reproduction Department. From 2005 to 2011, he worked at the Centre d’Etude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA) [Research Centre for Reproduction in Carnivores], a unit specializing in pet breeding assistance. Emmanuel Fontaine is also qualified at the European College for Animal Reproduction (ECAR) and completed his PhD in 2012 on the use of GnRH agonists in canines. From September 2011 to September 2018, he worked as Technical Services Veterinarian for the PRO team at Royal Canada. He then was in charge of Scientific Communication for the Americas until August 2022. He now works as Senior Scientific Communications Veterinarian for Royal Canin North America.   

The post Using Growth Charts: Atomic Habits for Our Furry Friends appeared first on Ontario SPCA and Humane Society.

Unlike their canine rivals, they can rotate their palms to the sky. They can reach for objects and even grasp them. These physical attributes make them gifted climbers and expert hunters. It is no wonder why cats strut about with pride. But as they age, their movement starts to slow, and they lose that feline finesse. Have you ever wondered why?   

Osteoarthritis in cats 

With aging comes the insidious progression of a debilitating and painful disease – osteoarthritis. Few realize how common osteoarthritis is in cats and how painful it can be.  

Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, progresses with time. It starts with cartilage, found within every joint. Cartilage prevents bones from rubbing together. With age, it wears thin. New bone forms, causing friction and inflammation. Arthritic joints can feel swollen and bulky to the touch and often have a shorter range of motion. Knees, hips, elbows, and the spine all fall victim to this deterioration.   

What are the signs? 

Pain from osteoarthritis tends to appear gradually, and it doesn’t usually cause limping in cats like it would in dogs. Cats also tend to be stoic by nature and hide their pain well. All these reasons may explain why the disease is difficult to spot!   

The trick is to draw attention to changes in behaviour by contrasting the way they currently act to how they once acted as young adults. But even that is not as easy as it seems.   

For instance, cats in pain may hide or withdraw from social interaction. At the same time, some become more affectionate, and this can be a sign of discomfort, as well. Some cats will begin grooming their sore areas excessively, causing bald spots, while others may groom less. Clumps of fur can accumulate in those hard-to-reach places, such as the lower back, because osteoarthritis in the spine limits their flexibility.  

Arthritic cats might play less or hesitate before jumping or using stairs. They may have a stiff walk. Sometimes they shift their weight from the tips of their toes onto the palm of their paws, making them look flatfooted.   

Cats in pain might also stop using their litter box because they find it challenging to jump in. Perhaps the journey to the litter involves overcoming many flights of stairs. Or perhaps it is the litter. It can hurt their arthritic paws because it is an uneven surface that can cause uneven pressure points. Instead, cats may relieve themselves on soft surfaces, such as the couch, mattress, or a blanket.   

With chronic pain, nerve endings become more sensitive. Over time, this leads to a change in brain chemistry. The process is called pain sensitization. In other words, as chronic pain sets in, a cat can become increasingly sensitive, much like a negative feedback loop.   

What’s more, the structures within the brain responsible for detecting chronic pain happen to be those that also deal with aggression. Therefore, we often see aggression and pain in tandem. Increased or new aggression toward family members or other animals may indicate chronic pain.   

If any of these signs exist in your older cat, osteoarthritis may be an underlying factor.   

How to manage it 

While there is no cure, there are many ways to help a cat cope with the disease and feel more comfortable. For starters, we know that excess weight is a risk factor for osteoarthritis progression, and many household cats are overweight. Obesity is an epidemic in cats.   

A healthy weight is the most crucial element in managing degenerative joint diseases. Less weight means less wear and tear on the joints! Cats with ideal body weight are also more active, making them less susceptible to muscle wasting as they age. We want muscles to stay strong because they stabilize and strengthen vulnerable joints.   

Weight loss requires a blend of exercise and calorie control. To increase physical activity, we can use environmental enrichment strategies, such as puzzle feeders or exercise feeders, encourage hunting for hidden kibble, or provide ample climbing opportunities with shelving and cat trees. For more handy pet parents, building an outdoor cat patio – “catio” – can do wonders for stimulating cats to move. Cats can also go on supervised outings outdoors. Again, we want to keep those muscles strong by moving them as much as possible.   

Weight loss in cats usually requires a specialized diet that can be safely calorie-restricted while ensuring appropriate nutrient intake. These diets typically have a unique blend of fibres, which help with satiety and reduce begging behaviour. The aim is a slow and steady weight loss, maintaining muscle mass in the process. Your veterinarian will be able to assess your cat’s weight and, if needed, implement an appropriate weight loss program that is safe and tailored to your cat.   

Ingredients such as green lipped mussel powder, glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega 3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) can help reduce signs of arthritis and inflammation and provide joint support. A safe and affordable combination of these ingredients can be found in specific veterinary therapeutic diets.   

Some cats may benefit from additional veterinary guidance when diet and exercise are insufficient for controlling arthritic pain. Prescribed medications, such as anti-inflammatories, are particularly effective in relieving arthritic pain. Many veterinarians offer complementary treatments such as laser therapy and acupuncture, both of which can be beneficial for remediating pain. Don’t forget the time-tested massage! As with people, massaging knotted muscles can help reduce tension and increase relaxation.   

Osteoarthritis is a common, lifelong, degenerative disease of the joints affecting most cats that can cause pain and discomfort. Chronic pain in cats often appears as subtle changes to their normal behaviour. A healthy weight can help prevent and ease their discomfort. When this is insufficient, many complementary treatment options are available. Be proactive and speak to your veterinarian if you suspect your cat is experiencing discomfort.  Your cat will feel much better and thank you every step of the way! 

Check out our blog for more cat care tips. 

The post How can I tell if my cat has arthritis and what can I do about it? appeared first on Ontario SPCA and Humane Society.

Every dog parent dreams of sharing a unique, unbreakable bond with their furry companion. But nurturing that special connection begins the moment you bring your puppy home. By starting on the right foot, you lay the foundation for a lifetime of love, trust, and companionship. To achieve this harmonious partnership, we must dive into three essential rules for cultivating a healthy relationship with your puppy. Each rule will provide invaluable insights into the world of puppy parenting, guiding you to create a nurturing environment where your puppy can thrive. With these rules, you’ll be on your way to an unforgettable, rewarding journey with your new best friend. 

Rule 1: Puppy Leadership – Consistency is key!   

Imagine your puppy as a blank canvas, eager to absorb guidance and develop its unique personality. It is essential to shape their behaviour and instill lifelong habits. By providing clear, consistent guidance, you become your puppy’s loving and trusted leader. This role is crucial in fostering a balanced, well-mannered dog.  

Puppies need discipline and guidance in their formative months to grow into well-adjusted adult dogs. Without structure and clear expectations, your puppy might develop undesirable habits that will be difficult to break later on. Consistency is key in setting the right expectations and guiding your puppy’s behaviour. This means you should always enforce the same rules and respond similarly to both desirable and undesirable actions. Inconsistent responses may confuse your puppy, making it harder for them to learn what is expected of them. 

To effectively discipline your puppy, use a firm and concise tone when addressing undesirable behaviour. A simple yet assertive “NO” can work wonders in conveying your disapproval. However, it is equally important to balance discipline with positive reinforcement. When your puppy exhibits good behaviour, reward them with praise, affection, or treats. This encourages them to repeat the desirable actions in the future. 

Redirecting your puppy’s attention is another useful tool when disciplining them. For example, if your puppy is chewing on your shoes, redirect their focus towards an appropriate toy. This not only teaches them what is off-limits but also provides a suitable alternative for their natural chewing instincts. 

Incorporating these strategies into your daily interactions with your puppy will help establish your authority and maintain a disciplined environment. As your puppy learns to respect your leadership, the foundation of trust and understanding will grow, leading to a harmonious relationship and a well-behaved dog that is a joy to be around. Remember, your puppy looks to you for guidance and assurance, so rise to the challenge and be the leader they need. 

Rule 2: Guiding Paws – The Blueprint for Harmony  

As your puppy grows, they will naturally test boundaries to understand their environment and your expectations. Setting boundaries for your puppy is pivotal in guiding their development and maintaining a harmonious household. Establishing clear boundaries early on allows your puppy to adapt and understand the rules that govern their life, leading to a more balanced and well-behaved companion. 

To establish these boundaries, first decide on the specific rules you want to enforce in your household. Will your puppy be allowed on furniture? Are there rooms that are off-limits? Establishing these rules early on is crucial to avoid confusion and ensure a smooth transition for your puppy. 

Once you’ve determined your household rules, communicate them effectively to your puppy. This may involve consistent verbal cues, body language, or even physical barriers like baby gates. Remember, consistency is key. If you allow your puppy to bend the rules even once, they may assume it’s acceptable and continue the behaviour. 

For example, if you’ve decided that your puppy is not allowed on the bed or sofa, enforce this rule from day one. If you let your puppy climb onto the furniture occasionally, they will struggle to understand why it’s not allowed at other times. Similarly, teach your puppy which items are designated for play and which are off-limits. Providing a variety of appropriate toys will satisfy their curiosity and discourage them from seeking out your personal belongings. 

Failure to establish boundaries early on can result in undesirable behaviours becoming ingrained habits, making them difficult to correct later. By investing time and effort in setting these boundaries, you are creating a secure environment where your puppy can flourish. 

Rule 3: Bowl Basics – Cultivating Healthy Feeding Habits  

The intricate elements of your puppy’s health are interconnected, and proper nutrition is central to overall wellbeing. Ensuring your puppy receives the right nutrients will not only foster physical growth but also influence their overall well-being and behaviour. 

The table is not a place for your puppy, and neither is a diet of human leftovers. This practice may feel like an expression of love or a way to reduce waste, but it can invite a slew of problems. Feeding your puppy scraps can lead to unhealthy weight gain and potentially serious digestive issues due to the richness and variability of human food. Moreover, it can also foster begging behaviour, turning your mealtimes into a battle of wills. 

To establish healthy feeding habits, start by setting a regular feeding schedule. Puppies thrive on routine, and knowing when to expect their meals can alleviate anxiety and prevent overeating. Opt for puppy-specific foods that are balanced to support their rapid growth and development. As your puppy grows, their dietary needs will change, so it’s essential to keep up to date with the best options for their age, size, and breed. 

Mealtimes also offer an excellent opportunity to reinforce good behaviour. Encourage your puppy to sit calmly and wait for their food, discouraging any rushing or jumping. This can teach them patience and respect, valuable traits that extend beyond feeding times. 

A well-fed puppy is a happy puppy, and by establishing healthy feeding habits, you’re setting the stage for a lifetime of good health and vitality. Remember, good nutrition is not just about what you feed your puppy, but also how and when you feed them. By adhering to these guidelines, you can ensure your puppy gets the nutrition they need while also promoting good behaviour and a harmonious home environment. 

The Puppy Connection – Building a Lasting Friendship 

As you navigate the journey of puppy parenthood, one destination should always be in sight – building a strong bond with your furry friend.  

A healthy relationship with your puppy brings numerous benefits. It enhances communication, improves your puppy’s behaviour, and provides emotional support for both of you. As your puppy grows, your bond will deepen, turning your pet into a beloved family member, confidante, and a lifelong friend. 

Fostering this bond requires time, patience, and understanding. Regular playtime and exercise are vital for your puppy’s physical health and provide an excellent opportunity for bonding. Whether it’s a game of fetch in the park, a walk around the neighborhood, or a fun training session, these shared experiences create a language of love and trust between you and your puppy. 

Providing mental stimulation is equally important. Engaging your puppy in interactive games, teaching them new tricks, or providing puzzle toys can keep their minds sharp and enhance their cognitive development. These activities also reinforce your role as their trusted leader, strengthening your bond further. 

Socialization, too, is a critical aspect of your puppy’s development. Exposing them to different people, dogs, and environments will help them become confident, well-rounded dogs. Through these experiences, your puppy will learn to trust your guidance and look to you for reassurance in new situations. 

Remember, your relationship with your puppy is a two-way street. As much as they look to you for love and guidance, they also offer unconditional love, companionship, and countless moments of joy. So, invest in this relationship, follow the three rules, and watch as your bond with your puppy blossoms into a beautiful tree of companionship. 

As the sun sets on our exploration of these essential rules, let’s pause to reflect on the journey we’ve embarked on. We’ve delved into the intricacies of establishing authority, setting boundaries, and fostering healthy feeding habits. In the grand scheme of things, these rules are the stepping stones leading to an incredible destination – a rewarding, loving relationship with your puppy. They’re the keys that unlock a world of understanding between you and your furry friend, paving the way for a harmonious coexistence. This journey isn’t without its challenges. There will be days of frustration, confusion, and maybe even a little chaos. But remember, every step, every stumble is a learning opportunity, a chance to grow, to understand, and to connect with your puppy on a deeper level. So, embrace these rules, cherish the journey, and let the love you share with your puppy guide you. The result will be a bond that transcends the ordinary, a companionship filled with love, respect, and mutual understanding. A relationship that, in its own unique way, will undoubtedly be “pawsome”. 

Emmanuel Fontaine graduated from the Toulouse Veterinary School in 2004, he continued his studies at the Alfort Veterinary School (Paris) as trainee Vet in the domestic carnivore unit of the Reproduction Department. From 2005 to 2011, he worked at the Centre d’Etude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA) [Research Centre for Reproduction in Carnivores], a unit specializing in pet breeding assistance. Emmanuel Fontaine is also qualified at the European College for Animal Reproduction (ECAR) and completed his PhD in 2012 on the use of GnRH agonists in canines. From September 2011 to September 2018, he worked as Technical Services Veterinarian for the PRO team at Royal Canada. He then was in charge of Scientific Communication for the Americas until August 2022. He now works as Senior Scientific Communications Veterinarian for Royal Canin North America.   

The post The Puppy Code : Mastering the Journey of Puppy Parenting appeared first on Ontario SPCA and Humane Society.

The magical moment of welcoming a new kitten into your home is an unforgettable experience. But as enchanting as this event may be, it requires careful planning and consideration. In this blog, we’ll walk you through the essentials of creating a purr-fect environment for your feline companion, from meeting their dietary needs to ensuring their comfort and well-being, empowering you with the knowledge you need to establish a harmonious home for your little furball. 

Essential Equipment for Your New Kitten 

Imagine setting the stage for a heartwarming scene, where your new kitten begins its lifelong adventure in your home. The first step to creating this picturesque setting involves gathering essential equipment to ensure your kitten feels comfortable, secure, and happy. 

The key players in this act are food and water bowls. Opt for stainless steel, as these durable and hygienic options will support your kitten’s wellbeing. Place the bowls in separate locations, far from the litter box, to respect the natural instincts of your feline friend. If your home spans multiple floors, enhance their accessibility by placing a set of bowls on each level. To further elevate their hydration experience, consider incorporating a water fountain, which not only promotes healthy drinking habits but also adds an aesthetically pleasing element to your home. 

Now that you’ve laid the foundation, it’s time to enhance the scene with cozy sleeping nooks for your kitten. Picture an assortment of pillows, covers, and baskets strategically placed in various corners, including elevated spots where they feel secure. This creative approach to bedding not only caters to their natural preferences but also adds a touch of charm to your living space. 

As the stage is set, you’ll be well-prepared to welcome your new kitten into a home that caters to their unique needs and desires, fostering a harmonious and nurturing environment for their growth and happiness. 

Creating a Comfortable Living Space 

Now let’s craft a nurturing and inviting living space that caters to your kitten’s instinctual desires for security and exploration. Just like a well-designed movie set, your home should be equipped with all the elements needed to help your kitten feel like the star they are. 

Begin by focusing on the importance of multiple beds, which serve as havens of comfort and security for your curious little explorer. Let your creativity run wild by using an array of pillows, covers, and baskets to create cozy spots throughout your home. By offering several high-up sleeping areas, you not only acknowledge your kitten’s natural inclination for safe perches but also provide them with vantage points to survey their surroundings. 

Next, take a moment to consider the concept of safe spaces. Just as humans need a sanctuary to retreat to when life gets overwhelming, your kitten also requires a dedicated area where they feel protected and relaxed. Designate a quiet room or corner as their haven, and gradually introduce them to other pets, ensuring a harmonious coexistence. 

Toys and Enrichment for Your Kitten 

Now, playtime takes centre stage. Much like a well-crafted screenplay, your kitten’s play sessions should be a blend of entertainment and education, encouraging their mental and physical growth. 

Playtime is not just a source of amusement; it’s an essential tool for learning, development, and bonding with you. By engaging with your kitten through play, you’ll be guiding them on a journey of discovery and nurturing a strong, lasting connection. 

To facilitate this, select toys specifically designed for kittens, which will cater to their unique needs and abilities. Consider investing in interactive toys that stimulate their minds and satisfy their innate hunting instincts. This combination of play and mental engagement creates an enriching environment that fosters a well-rounded and contented kitten. 

Incorporate scratching posts and cat trees into the scenery, providing your kitten with outlets for their natural scratching behaviours and saving your furniture and curtains in the process. By offering these features, you create a stimulating playground that satisfies your kitten’s desires for exploration and adventure. 

Litter Box Basics 

Begin by selecting the right litter box for your kitten. The size and design of the litter box must be well-suited to your kitten’s specific needs. Ensure it is large enough for them to use comfortably without making a mess. Offer both covered and non-covered options, allowing your kitten to express their preferences and feel more at ease. 

Next, consider the ideal locations for litter boxes within your home. Litter boxes should be strategically positioned in accessible and discreet areas. If your home has multiple floors, place at least one litter box on each level to facilitate easy access for your kitten. 

Lastly, adhere to the “one more than the number of cats” rule for litter boxes. This guideline ensures there is always a clean, available option for your kitten, promoting good hygiene and reducing territorial disputes. 

Nutrition and Feeding Your Kitten 

A well-balanced diet acts as the cornerstone for your kitten’s growth, promoting a strong immune system, healthy bones, and a shiny coat. By providing the right nutrients, you’ll be nourishing your kitten’s body and mind, empowering them to live a happy, healthy life. 

To select the best food for your feline star, follow your veterinarian or trusted professional’s recommendations and pay close attention to the nutrients. Choose from wet or dry food options specifically formulated for kittens, ensuring they receive the nutrients essential for their growth stage.  

Finally, establish a feeding routine and monitor portion sizes. Consistency in mealtime rituals will help your kitten feel secure and well-cared for while keeping their weight and growth on track. 

Welcoming a new kitten into your home is a magical and memorable experience that unfolds like a heartwarming tale. By following the guidance shared in this blog, you’ll be setting the stage for a beautiful, lifelong relationship with your feline companion. As the protagonist of their life story, your kitten will embark on a journey filled with love, growth, and adventure, with you as their guiding star. 

As you embrace this exciting new chapter, remember that your commitment, patience, and understanding will be instrumental in shaping your kitten’s life story. With your support, they will flourish and grow into a beloved family member, their life enriched by the love and care you provide. 

Emmanuel Fontaine graduated from the Toulouse Veterinary School in 2004, he continued his studies at the Alfort Veterinary School (Paris) as trainee Vet in the domestic carnivore unit of the Reproduction Department. From 2005 to 2011, he worked at the Centre d’Etude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA) [Research Centre for Reproduction in Carnivores], a unit specializing in pet breeding assistance. Emmanuel Fontaine is also qualified at the European College for Animal Reproduction (ECAR) and completed his PhD in 2012 on the use of GnRH agonists in canines. From September 2011 to September 2018, he worked as Technical Services Veterinarian for the PRO team at Royal Canada. He then was in charge of Scientific Communication for the Americas until August 2022. He now works as Senior Scientific Communications Veterinarian for Royal Canin North America. 

The post Tiny Paws, Big Impact: Preparing for Your Kitten’s Arrival appeared first on Ontario SPCA and Humane Society.

Bringing home a new puppy is a thrilling experience, marking the beginning of an unforgettable bond between you and your furry friend. But amid the excitement, it’s crucial to set the stage for a harmonious relationship by preparing your home for your pup’s arrival. In this guide, we take a fresh look at the 7 essential steps to ensure a smooth transition for both you and your puppy. From selecting the perfect bowls to establishing a healthy diet, our blog will provide you with valuable insights and practical tips. Let’s embark on this amazing journey together, creating a loving and nurturing environment for your newest family member. 

#1 Choosing the Perfect Food and Water Bowls: The Unsung Heroes of Mealtime 

It’s easy to overlook the importance of food and water bowls amidst the excitement of bringing home a new puppy. However, these humble vessels play a critical role in your pup’s daily life, contributing to their overall health and well-being. By opting for stainless steel bowls, you not only ensure durability and hygiene but also create a comfortable eating environment for your furry companion.  

There are various types of bowls available on the market, including plastic, ceramic, and stainless steel. Plastic bowls may be lightweight and inexpensive, but they can harbor bacteria and develop scratches over time. Ceramic bowls, while visually appealing, can be heavy and prone to chipping or breaking. Stainless steel bowls, on the other hand, are the gold standard for their durability, cleanliness, and ability to withstand wear and tear. 

When it comes to placement, consider finding a quiet, low-traffic area in your home where your puppy can enjoy their meals without distractions. To prevent spills and make cleaning easier, you can also invest in non-slip mats or elevated feeding stations. 

Regular cleaning of your puppy’s bowls is crucial to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. Opt for a mild, pet-safe detergent, and scrub the bowls daily to ensure your pup’s eating area remains clean and sanitary. By dedicating time and thought to this often-overlooked aspect of puppy care, you’ll be taking a crucial step toward raising a healthy and happy companion.  

#2 Selecting a Comfortable and Suitable Bed for Your Puppy: The Foundation of Sweet Dreams 

A cozy sleeping area is a sanctuary for your puppy, providing them with a safe space to rest and recharge. By carefully considering elements like size, material and future growth, you’ll create a comforting haven for your furry friend that promotes relaxation and contentment. 

When it comes to types of beds, there’s no shortage of options: cushions, blankets, kennels, and crates are all viable choices. The key is to determine which option will best suit your puppy’s needs, taking into account their breed, temperament, and sleeping habits. For instance, some puppies prefer to burrow and nest, making a plush, cushioned bed an ideal choice. Others may require the security and structure provided by a crate or kennel. 

One crucial aspect to consider when selecting a bed is your puppy’s future size as an adult. This foresight will ensure you invest in a bed that can comfortably accommodate them as they grow. Additionally, don’t forget to factor in the bed’s ease of cleaning, as a washable and durable material will make maintaining your pup’s sleeping area a breeze. 

Placement of your puppy’s bed is just as important as the bed itself. Choose a quiet, draft-free location that allows your puppy to feel secure while still being part of the household. By thoughtfully selecting and positioning your puppy’s bed, you’ll contribute to their overall well-being, setting the stage for many sweet dreams to come. 

#3 Assembling a Comprehensive Grooming Kit: The Art of Puppy Pampering 

Grooming your puppy is more than just a beauty routine; it’s an essential aspect of their overall health and well-being. 

A well-rounded grooming kit typically includes a comb, nail trimmer, scissors, and clippers. Each tool serves a unique purpose in maintaining your puppy’s hygiene and appearance. Combs and brushes help detangle fur, remove loose hair, and distribute natural oils, promoting a healthy coat. Nail trimmers keep your pup’s claws at a comfortable length, preventing discomfort and potential injuries. Scissors and clippers are useful for trimming excess fur around the face, paws, and other sensitive areas. 

Integrating regular grooming sessions into your puppy’s routine offers a range of benefits. It familiarizes your pup with handling, making future vet visits and grooming appointments less stressful. Additionally, grooming provides an opportunity to inspect your puppy for any hidden wounds, parasites, or skin issues, ensuring they receive timely care if needed. 

To create a positive grooming experience for both you and your puppy, approach each session with patience and positivity. Start slow, introducing one tool at a time, and reward your puppy with praise and treats for their cooperation. By cultivating a nurturing and attentive grooming routine, you’ll enhance your bond with your pup while keeping them looking and feeling their best. 

#4 Stocking Up on Fun and Educational Toys: The Secrets of Playtime Enrichment 

Toys are more than just playful distractions; they play a pivotal role in your puppy’s mental and physical development.  

A diverse toy collection should include chew toys, interactive toys, puzzle toys, and soft toys. Chew toys offer a safe outlet for your puppy’s natural urge to gnaw, supporting dental health and alleviating teething discomfort. Interactive toys, such as tug ropes and fetch balls, encourage physical activity and social interaction. Puzzle toys challenge your pup’s cognitive abilities, keeping them mentally stimulated and engaged. Soft toys provide comfort and companionship, especially when you’re not around. 

Safety should always be a top priority when choosing toys for your puppy. Opt for rubber toys that are at least twice the size of your puppy’s mouth to minimize the risk of choking. Regularly inspect toys for wear and tear, discarding any that are broken or have loose parts. 

To keep your puppy’s interest piqued, consider rotating their toys every few weeks. This rotation will help prevent boredom and ensure each toy remains novel and exciting. Lastly, remember to clean your pup’s toys regularly to maintain a hygienic play environment. By thoughtfully curating and managing your puppy’s toy collection, you’ll foster a fun and enriching playtime experience that contributes to their overall well-being. 

#5 Choosing the Right Collar or Harness and Leash: The Path to Harmonious Walks 

Walks are an integral part of your puppy’s life, offering exercise, mental stimulation, and opportunities for socialization. Ensuring your pup is equipped with the right collar or harness and leash is crucial for creating a safe and enjoyable walking experience. 

Collars and harnesses come in various styles, including flat collars, martingale collars, front-clip harnesses, and back-clip harnesses. Consult your veterinarian or a trusted professional for recommendations tailored to your puppy’s specific needs. Factors such as breed, size, and walking behavior will influence which style is best suited for your pup. 

When selecting the right size and style, prioritize comfort and adjustability. Ensure the collar or harness fits snugly without causing discomfort or restricting movement. A properly fitted walking aid should allow you to slip two fingers between the collar or harness and your puppy’s skin. 

Introducing your puppy to their collar or harness and leash is a gradual process. Begin by letting them wear the collar or harness around the house, rewarding them with praise and treats for their cooperation. Progress to short, leashed walks in the backyard or garden, gradually increasing the duration and distance as your pup becomes more comfortable and confident. 

By investing time and care into selecting and introducing your puppy’s walking gear, you’ll pave the way for countless enjoyable walks and adventures, fostering a strong bond between you and your four-legged companion. 

#6 The Essentials of a Puppy Travel Carrier: Safeguarding Your Furry Adventurer 

Whether you’re planning road trips, visits to the vet, or other excursions with your new puppy, a travel carrier is an indispensable tool for keeping your furry friend safe and secure.  

Travel carriers come in various styles, including soft-sided carriers, hard-sided carriers, and wearable options like slings and backpacks. When choosing the right carrier, consider factors such as your puppy’s size, breed, and temperament, as well as your mode of transportation and the frequency of your trips. A well-ventilated, sturdy, and easy-to-clean carrier is a wise investment for any puppy parent. 

When introducing your pup to their carrier, patience is key. Create a welcoming environment by placing a soft blanket, familiar toy, or treat inside the carrier. Allow your puppy to explore the carrier at their own pace, rewarding their curiosity with praise and encouragement. Gradually increase the duration of time your puppy spends inside the carrier, eventually incorporating short trips to help them acclimate to the experience. 

At home, a travel carrier can double as a protective space for adventurous puppies, offering a safe retreat when needed. By thoughtfully selecting and introducing your puppy’s travel carrier, you’ll equip them for a lifetime of safe, comfortable, and enjoyable journeys with you by their side. 

#7 Nourishing Your Puppy with the Right Diet: The Cornerstone of a Healthy Start 

Proper nutrition is fundamental to your puppy’s growth and development, laying the groundwork for a healthy and happy life.  

Puppies require a unique blend of nutrients, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, to support their rapid growth and development. A high-quality, commercial puppy food tailored to your pup’s specific breed and size will typically meet these requirements. Consult with your veterinarian or trusted professional to identify the best food for your puppy’s needs and learn the appropriate portion sizes and feeding frequency. 

When transitioning your puppy to a new diet, do so gradually to avoid digestive upset. Over the course of a week, slowly mix increasing amounts of the new food with the old food until your puppy is fully adjusted. 

In addition to providing a balanced diet, be mindful of your puppy’s weight and growth rate. Regular weight checks and veterinary visits will help you monitor their progress and make adjustments as needed. Avoid feeding table scraps, as this can lead to unbalanced nutrition and poor eating habits. 

By prioritizing your puppy’s dietary needs from day one, you’ll set the stage for a lifetime of health, vitality, and well-being. Nourishing your pup with the right diet is an essential investment in their future happiness and longevity. 

The arrival of a new puppy is an exciting and rewarding journey, filled with precious moments, love, and companionship. However, it is crucial to be well-prepared and equipped with the essentials to ensure a smooth transition and a nurturing environment for your furry friend. By diligently following the recommendations outlined in this comprehensive guide, you’ll be well on your way to creating a welcoming and supportive home for your new family member. 

Remember, raising a puppy requires patience, understanding, and a commitment to their growth and development. As you navigate the challenges and joys of puppy parenthood, keep in mind that your efforts will be rewarded with a lifetime of unconditional love, loyalty, and companionship from your four-legged friend. 

Emmanuel Fontaine graduated from the Toulouse Veterinary School in 2004, he continued his studies at the Alfort Veterinary School (Paris) as trainee Vet in the domestic carnivore unit of the Reproduction Department. From 2005 to 2011, he worked at the Centre d’Etude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA) [Research Centre for Reproduction in Carnivores], a unit specializing in pet breeding assistance. Emmanuel Fontaine is also qualified at the European College for Animal Reproduction (ECAR) and completed his PhD in 2012 on the use of GnRH agonists in canines. From September 2011 to September 2018, he worked as Technical Services Veterinarian for the PRO team at Royal Canada. He then was in charge of Scientific Communication for the Americas until August 2022. He now works as Senior Scientific Communications Veterinarian for Royal Canin North America.   

The post The Paw-fect Start: 7 Must-Haves for Your New Puppy appeared first on Ontario SPCA and Humane Society.

“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” This quote from Benjamin Franklin is something pet parents should always have in mind. This is especially true when thinking about spaying and neutering. Indeed, this is today a common surgical procedure, often performed on kittens as early as 8 weeks. This surgical intervention comes with a myriad of health benefits, including an increased life span and prevention of certain medical disorders, (not to mention its contribution to controlling cat populations obviously!). However, there’s a catch that all kitten adopters need to be aware of – spaying and neutering can increase the risk of kittens becoming overweight! And that’s where the importance of proper nutrition comes in. In this blog, we’ll explore the vital role nutrition plays in supporting the well-being of spayed and neutered kittens, and how it can help mitigate the overweight risk we just mentioned. So, let’s focus on the top questions pet parents have about their kitten’s dietary needs after spaying and neutering!   

#1 How do my kitten’s nutritional needs differ from an adult cat’s?  

Understanding the impact of spaying and neutering on a kitten’s nutritional needs is crucial for their overall health and wellbeing. It is important to acknowledge the unique circumstances surrounding the timing of the procedure, as it typically occurs during the growth phase of a kitten’s life. This means that their nutritional requirements are different from those of adult cats. 

The primary difference lies in the need for additional nutrients to fuel a growing kitten’s body. Kittens require more energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals compared to adult cats. A well-rounded diet for kittens should be rich in high-quality protein sources, which are essential for growth. Proteins help build strong muscles and support a healthy immune system, enabling your kitten to thrive. 

However, there are more nutrients to consider for your kitten’s diet. For instance, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is an important nutrient to support brain development. In kittens, brain development occurs rapidly; by three months of age, their brain is nearly the size of an adult cat’s! Omega-3 fatty acids like DHA have been shown to enhance visual and cognitive development, making them crucial components of a kitten’s diet. 

Antioxidants, betacarotene, and betaglucans are also important nutrients for kittens. These compounds help support immune function, which is particularly important during the early stages of a kitten’s life when they are more vulnerable to illnesses. 

Another important aspect of a kitten’s diet is prebiotics. Prebiotics are nutrients that support the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, collectively referred to as the microbiome. The microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms living in the digestive system that play a vital role in maintaining overall health. In simple terms, the microbiome can be considered as a “mini ecosystem” within your kitten’s body, helping to digest food, produce vitamins, and maintain a strong immune system. 

While these nutrients are essential for all kittens, spayed and neutered kittens require special consideration. Recent studies have shown that spayed and neutered kittens grow differently compared to their unaltered counterparts. If no specific nutritional measures are taken, these kittens are more likely to gain weight and experience increased fat accumulation. 

Spaying and neutering alters a kitten’s metabolism, which may lead to weight gain if not properly managed through diet and exercise. To account for these changes, it is important to ensure that your spayed or neutered kitten receives the right balance of nutrients while avoiding excessive calorie intake. 

When selecting a diet for your spayed or neutered kitten, look for one that is specially formulated to meet their unique nutritional requirements. These diets should provide adequate protein, vitamins, and minerals to support growth while maintaining a healthy weight. 

In conclusion, providing proper nutrition for your spayed or neutered kitten is essential for their growth and long-term health. By understanding their unique nutritional requirements and selecting an appropriate diet, you can help ensure that your kitten develops into a healthy and happy adult cat. Remember to consult with your veterinarian for personalized advice on feeding and caring for your spayed or neutered kitten. 

#2 How much should I reduce my kitten’s calorie intake after spaying or neutering? 

Spaying and neutering, while offering numerous health benefits, can also lead to increased food intake, decreased energy needs, and reduced activity levels in kittens.  

As a result, pet parents must make necessary adjustments to their kitten’s calorie intake to prevent excessive weight gain and maintain overall health, all while ensuring the nutritional requirements for growth are still met. 

After spaying or neutering, as a general guideline, it is recommended to reduce your kitten’s daily calorie intake by approximately 25-30%.  

Even with reduced calorie intake, spayed and neutered kittens still require adequate proteins, vitamins, and minerals to support their ongoing growth and development.  

For this reason, it’s crucial to consider a diet specifically formulated for spayed and neutered kittens, which takes these different aspects into account.  

Such diets are typically lower in calories and fat, yet still provide the essential nutrients needed for optimal health. 

#3 What are the benefits of feeding my kitten a combination of wet and dry food? 

Feeding your spayed or neutered kitten a combination of wet and dry food offers several benefits, providing a well-rounded approach to nutrition that caters to their unique needs, particularly when it comes to managing their weight. 

• Satiety: Combining wet and dry food helps kittens feel fuller, as wet food typically has a higher volume due to its moisture content. This increased sense of fullness can prevent overeating and contribute to maintaining a healthy weight, which is especially important for spayed and neutered kittens. 
• Hydration: Wet food promotes hydration due to its higher moisture content, supporting kidney function and digestion. Hydration is a critical aspect of a cat’s health, particularly due to their desert ancestry. Cats evolved in environments where water was scarce, which led them to develop a low thirst drive. As a result, they tend not to drink enough water to maintain optimal hydration. Feeding your cat a wet diet can help ensure adequate water intake, supporting their overall health. 
• Palatability: Wet food is often more appealing to kittens, ensuring they consume essential nutrients for growth and development.
• Dental health: Dry food aids in dental health by reducing plaque and tartar buildup, thanks to its abrasive texture.
• Variety: Offering both wet and dry food introduces your kitten to different textures and flavors, promoting a diverse diet. 

It’s essential to choose a wet food specifically formulated for spayed and neutered kittens and follow feeding guidelines for mixed feeding situations.  

By combining wet and dry food, you can address various aspects of your altered kitten’s health and well-being while managing their weight effectively. 

#4 How can I transition my kitten to a new food gradually and safely?  

As we just discussed, transitioning your spayed or neutered kitten to a new diet (a kitten spayed and neutered diet) is an essential step in ensuring their long-term health.  

Since food intake increases immediately after surgery, it’s recommended to switch to a diet formulated for spayed and neutered kittens even before the procedure, when possible.  

Here’s how to transition your kitten to their new diet gradually and safely: 

• Start slow: Begin by mixing a small amount of the new food with your kitten’s current food. Gradually increase the proportion of the new food while decreasing the old food over 7 days (see picture 1). This slow transition helps avoid digestive upset and allows your kitten to adjust to the new taste and texture.
• Monitor your kitten: Keep an eye on your kitten’s behavior, appetite, and bowel movements throughout the transition process. If you notice any signs of digestive upset, such as vomiting or diarrhea, consult your veterinarian for guidance.
• Maintain consistency: Stick to a consistent feeding schedule and follow the recommended portion sizes for spayed and neutered kittens. This consistency helps establish a routine and prevents overeating.
• Be patient: Some kittens may be hesitant to try new foods. Offer positive reinforcement and praise when they eat the new food and be patient during the transition process. 

#5 How often should I feed my kitten?  

Cats exhibit a unique feeding behavior, often consuming numerous small meals throughout the day, sometimes up to 20. This tendency may lead some pet parents to believe that filling their cat’s bowl to the brim and letting them self-regulate their food intake is the best approach. However, this method is not advisable, particularly for spayed and neutered kittens who face an increased risk of obesity. 

Instead, portion feeding should be emphasized for these kittens to ensure they maintain a healthy weight. It is crucial to follow the feeding amounts recommended by your veterinarian or food manufacturer, accounting for your kitten’s age, weight, and activity level. 

To accommodate their natural feeding patterns, you can divide the daily recommended portion into multiple smaller meals, providing structure while also satisfying their instincts.  

This balance ensures that your spayed or neutered kitten receives essential nutrients without overeating, paving the way for a healthy and happy life. 

#6 How can I prevent my kitten from becoming overweight after spaying or neutering?  

Preventing weight gain in spayed and neutered kittens requires a multifaceted approach that goes beyond merely adjusting their calorie intake.  

By combining various strategies, you can ensure the long-term health and well-being of your altered kitten. 

• Balanced diet: as previously discussed, choose a diet specifically formulated for spayed and neutered kittens, which provides the essential nutrients they need while still accounting for their decreased energy requirements. These diets are typically lower in calories and fat but still rich in high-quality proteins, vitamins, and minerals necessary for growth and development.
• Portion control: Practice portion feeding. Divide the recommended daily amount into multiple smaller meals to accommodate your kitten’s natural feeding behavior while preventing overeating.

• Regular exercise: Encourage physical activity by providing toys, engaging in playtime, and offering opportunities for climbing and exploring. Exercise is crucial not only for maintaining a healthy weight, but also for promoting muscle tone, mental stimulation, and overall well-being.

• Monitor weight: Regularly weigh your kitten and adjust their food intake as needed. Consult your veterinarian for guidance on determining and maintaining an ideal weight for your kitten. A great tool to leverage here are the kitten pediatric growth charts, that will help you ensure your kitten is growing healthily. Those charts are available online HERE and are a great monitoring tool that each kitten owner should implement I believe! Don’t hesitate to talk to your veterinarian about them so they can guide you here.  

References:  

Waltham Kitten Growth Charts  

Emmanuel Fontaine graduated from the Toulouse Veterinary School in 2004, he continued his studies at the Alfort Veterinary School (Paris) as trainee Vet in the domestic carnivore unit of the Reproduction Department. From 2005 to 2011, he worked at the Centre d’Etude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA) [Research Centre for Reproduction in Carnivores], a unit specializing in pet breeding assistance. Emmanuel Fontaine is also qualified at the European College for Animal Reproduction (ECAR) and completed his PhD in 2012 on the use of GnRH agonists in canines. From September 2011 to September 2018, he worked as Technical Services Veterinarian for the PRO team at Royal Canada. He then was in charge of Scientific Communication for the Americas until August 2022. He now works as Senior Scientific Communications Veterinarian for Royal Canin North America.   

The post Spayed, Neutered, and Thriving: Kitten Nutrition Essentials appeared first on Ontario SPCA and Humane Society.

In this video, our friends at Royal Canin break down how dog breed can impact your dog’s nutritional needs. Watch for helpful information you need to know about your puppy’s growth and nutrition! 

Did you know? 

• Small dogs can reach maturity at around 10 months of age, whereas large breeds can take up to 15 months to reach maturity. 
• The mouths and jaws can be very different between large and small breed dogs, but the number of teeth are the same (42). This means small breeds can experience overcrowding of teeth, making the risk of dental disease higher. 
• Small breed puppies are more susceptible to constipation, whereas large breeds are more susceptible to diarrhea.  
• Large breed dogs are at an increased risk of joint disease and injury. 

Find out how tailoring your puppy’s diet to their individual needs can support their healthy growth in this video!

The post How dog breed impacts your puppy’s nutritional needs appeared first on Ontario SPCA and Humane Society.

Why is nutrition important for young animals? 

Kittens and puppies have an immature digestive tract that’s still developing. While your animal is growing, it’s important they have a diet to support their digestive system as it develops and matures. 

What diet components are important to watch out for? 

The ability your kitten or puppy has to digest protein can depend on a number of factors, including ingredient type, quality, and preparation of food. When the protein is easier to digest, animals receive more benefits from the amino-acids that make up the protein, which means they will have the nutrients they need to develop into happy and healthy adult animals! 

The age and breed of your dog can also impact the digestibility of food. 

In Royal Canin’s helpful video, they also break down different types of fibre and what balance is right for your animals! Watch the full video here and visit Royal Canin’s website for more information on their food and tailored nutrition plans! 

The post What kind of food does my puppy/kitten need? appeared first on Ontario SPCA and Humane Society.

As a seasoned veterinarian, I’ve witnessed firsthand the joy and excitement of welcoming a new puppy or kitten into the family. And during this crucial growth period, I’ve seen many well-intentioned pet owners make common mistakes when it comes to nutrition. The love and devotion they have for their furry companions is undeniable, but the abundance of misinformation available can lead even the most well-intentioned pet parents astray. One thing I am sure of today: the foundation of a healthy life starts with proper nourishment. This blog is a heartfelt effort to share some knowledge and insights to help you navigate the intricacies of your pet’s nutritional needs. Here are some important take-aways that I hope will empower you to make the best decisions for the health and well-being of the four-legged members of your family!  

#1 Fuel Growth with Nutrients  

The key to successfully nourishing our beloved puppies and kittens lies in focusing on their nutrient requirements. One might wonder though: what do we mean by “nutrient”?  

Nutrients are the essential components found in food that sustain life and promote growth, such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. These are the building blocks that support our pets’ development and overall well-being. 

Science has provided us with invaluable insights into the nutrient requirements of puppies and kittens, serving as a compass that guides us towards offering them the optimal balance of essential elements they need to flourish. 

When it comes to dog and cat nutrition, the discussion often gravitates around ingredients… so there is one thing I want you to remember here: while ingredients may vary, it is the nutrients they contain that ultimately determine the suitability of a particular food for our growing pets.   

By focusing on nutrients, you can make informed decisions about the food you choose for your puppies and kittens, ensuring that it meets their specific needs.  

This approach allows for flexibility in ingredient selection, as long as the food provides the necessary balance of essential nutrients. And again, this is the only thing that truly matters in the end here!  

#2 Nourish growth = complete & balanced  

A complete and balanced diet is like a perfectly assembled jigsaw puzzle, with each piece representing a different nutrient essential for the healthy growth of our puppies and kittens. A complete diet provides all the necessary nutrients our pets need, and a balanced diet ensures those nutrients are present in the correct proportions. Together, they create a harmonious blend of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals that work in concert to support the overall well-being of our pets. 

During the growth phase, puppies and kittens undergo rapid development, including the formation of their bones, muscles, organs, and immune system. This stage is akin to laying the foundation for a sturdy and resilient building. Just as we need the right materials in the right proportions to build a strong structure, our pets need a complete and balanced diet to support their development.  

To check if a diet is complete and balanced for growth for a puppy or kitten, pet owners can look for a statement on the label that the food meets the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) standards for “growth” or “all life stages.” This statement confirms that the food meets the minimum requirements for nutrients essential for growth and development.  

Pet owners can also consult with their veterinarian to discuss the specific nutritional needs of their puppy or kitten and to ensure that the diet they have chosen is appropriate.  

#3 Proteins fuel healthy growth  

A common mistake among pet owners is the assumption that puppies and kittens can be fed an adult maintenance diet without any consequences on their growth. This misconception can hinder the development of your furry companions, as they may not receive the necessary amount and quality of protein their bodies need during this critical period.  

Protein is indeed the foundation upon which the intricate architecture of a growing puppy or kitten’s body is built. Like the framework of a house that supports its walls and roof, protein provides the essential structure for their developing muscles, organs, and immune system.   

Growing puppies and kittens require a higher percentage of protein in their diets compared to adult pets. This is because their rapidly developing bodies need the essential amino acids provided by protein to synthesize new tissues, repair damaged cells, and produce the enzymes and hormones responsible for regulating growth. 

On the other hand, an adult maintenance diet contains lower levels of protein, as it is intended to maintain the health and body condition of fully grown pets.  

Feeding a growing puppy or kitten an adult maintenance diet may result in insufficient protein intake, potentially stunting their growth and negatively impacting their overall health. 

The quality of protein is as crucial as the quantity. High-quality protein sources contain the right balance of essential amino acids, making them easily digestible and readily available for your pet’s body to utilize.  

To ensure that your growing pets receive the protein they need, choose a growth diet specifically formulated for puppies and kittens. These diets are designed to meet their increased protein requirements, providing them with the necessary building blocks to sculpt strong muscles, resilient organs, and robust immune systems.  

#4 Portion-control for health  

Energy is the driving force that fuels the spirited adventures and ceaseless exploration of our growing puppies and kittens. 

A growth diet is tailored to meet the specific energy requirements of puppies and kittens, taking into account their size, breed, and activity levels. In contrast, adult maintenance diets contain fewer calories, as they are designed to maintain the health and body condition of fully grown pets. This difference in energy content is crucial to understanding the risks associated with feeding a growing pet an adult maintenance diet… or overfeeding them their growth diet.  

Indeed, one of the most common mistakes pet owners make is overfeeding, inadvertently providing excessive energy to their pets. 

Overfeeding can be likened to overwatering a plant: although it may seem beneficial at first, the consequences can be detrimental in the long run. Rapid growth, fueled by excessive energy intake, can strain developing bones and joints, leading to orthopedic issues in the future. 

To prevent these issues, it is vital to monitor closely how much you feed (daily!) your puppy or kitten and ensure they are receiving the appropriate amount of food from a growth diet.  

Start with the feeding guidelines provided, and if you have any doubts or want a more tailored approach, consult with your veterinarian. 

#5 Optimal calcium for bone health  

When it comes to the health of our growing puppies and kittens, the phrase “too much of a good thing” can be a stark reality. Just as a delicate sapling can be overwhelmed by excessive sunlight, our young pets can face health challenges if their nutritional balance is disrupted.  

One of the most common mistakes I encounter as a veterinarian is the unnecessary supplementation of calcium during growth. 

Calcium is an essential mineral, playing a crucial role in developing strong bones and teeth. However, there is a delicate balance that must be maintained. Before six months of age, puppies and kittens are unable to regulate their calcium intake effectively. If too much calcium is given, it can lead to an over supplementation that may cause joint disorders and negatively impact their development. 

Calcium supplementation should only be considered if advised by your attending veterinarian and is typically reserved for very specific medical conditions. The growth diets formulated for puppies and kittens are designed to provide the appropriate balance of calcium and other essential nutrients. 

By avoiding unnecessary calcium supplementation and adhering to the advice of veterinary professionals, we can nurture the growth of our puppies and kittens, ensuring a future filled with strong bones and healthy joints. 

#6 Nourishing Body and Mind  

Among the many nutrients required for their development, there are some specific ones that play a vital role in supporting brain development, immune function, and gastrointestinal health.  

1. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid): This omega-3 fatty acid supports brain development. DHA promotes cognitive function, learning ability, and vision in growing puppies and kittens. Ensuring a diet rich in DHA lays the groundwork for a lifetime of mental acuity and healthy neural connections. 
2. Antioxidants, betacarotene, and betaglucans: These nutrients help support our young pets’ developing immune systems. Antioxidants neutralize harmful free radicals, while betacarotene and betaglucans support the maturation of immune cells. By providing these nutrients, we bolster their defenses against illness and disease. 
3. Prebiotics: Nourishing the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome, the community of beneficial bacteria residing in our pets’ gut, is essential for their overall health. Prebiotics (like fructo-oligosaccharides – FOS) serve as food for these beneficial bacteria, promoting their growth and activity. A healthy GI microbiome supports digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune function as well.  

By focusing on these nutrients, we can create a strong foundation for our puppies and kittens, fostering their growth into healthy, thriving adults.  

——————————————————————————————————————————- 

Emmanuel Fontaine graduated from the Toulouse Veterinary School in 2004, he continued his studies at the Alfort Veterinary School (Paris) as trainee Vet in the domestic carnivore unit of the Reproduction Department. From 2005 to 2011, he worked at the Centre d’Etude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA) [Research Centre for Reproduction in Carnivores], a unit specializing in pet breeding assistance. Emmanuel Fontaine is also qualified at the European College for Animal Reproduction (ECAR) and completed his PhD in 2012 on the use of GnRH agonists in canines. From September 2011 to September 2018, he worked as Technical Services Veterinarian for the PRO team at Royal Canada. He then was in charge of Scientific Communication for the Americas until August 2022. He now works as Senior Scientific Communications Veterinarian for Royal Canin North America.   

The post Growing Up Strong: Nutrient Essentials for Puppies & Kittens appeared first on Ontario SPCA and Humane Society.

John was a first-time pet parent, determined to do everything right. His Labrador Retriever puppy, Charlie, was the light of his life. He would never forget the first time he brought this adorable, wiggly ball of fur home. Charlie’s cute little face, playful antics, and boundless energy were simply irresistible. But time flies, and before John knew it, that tiny pup had grown into an adult dog – a bittersweet moment for every pet parent. In this journey of growth, the transition from puppy food to adult dog food plays a pivotal role in maintaining their health and well-being. Perhaps, like John, you are going through this moment and, like him, you have tons of questions. When should you do this? How? Is there anything that can impact this timing? Are there any tools you should be aware of here? In this blog, we’ll uncover the answers to common questions and concerns pet owners have regarding this matter. And in doing so, we’ll not only help strengthen the bond you share with your dogs, but also provide them with the healthiest and happiest life possible. 

When should one switch a puppy to adult dog food? 

Navigating the world of puppy growth is like embarking on an adventure filled with twists and turns. Puppies experience two distinct phases of growth: the first focuses on the development of their bone structure and internal organs, while the second sees the growth of muscles and a decline in energy requirements.  

The moment to switch from puppy to adult food depends on the size of your furry companion. Small dogs reach their adult size at around ten months, while giant breeds may take up to 18 to 24 months. As you can see on the picture below, the journey for each dog is unique, much like the pages of an unfolding story. 

Seeking guidance from a trusted veterinarian can offer invaluable insights and ease the uncertainty surrounding the transition – especially in the case of mixed-breed dogs. Today, the availability of genetic tests helps estimate a dog’s adult size, providing a clearer picture of your puppy’s growth trajectory. 

By understanding your puppy’s unique development, you can make an informed decision and ensure a smooth transition to adult dog food, ultimately nurturing their health and well-being for years to come. 

Table 1: When does your puppy become an adult dog? 

 How should one transition a puppy to adult food?  

The transition from puppy to adult food requires patience and gentle guidance. Finding the right pace for this change is essential to avoid missteps that could lead to digestive upsets. 

The ideal duration for this transition is approximately one week (see Picture 2 for more details on how to conduct the transition).  

Think of it as a carefully choreographed routine, where each day represents a progressive step towards the goal. By taking a measured approach, you allow your puppy’s digestive system to adapt seamlessly to the change, preventing any disruptions to their health and well-being. 

What is the difference between puppy and adult dog food? 

Puppyhood and adulthood are two distinct chapters in a dog’s life, each with its own unique nutritional needs. Feeding adult food to a growing puppy is like trying to quench the thirst of an athlete with a mere sip of water – it simply does not suffice. 

Puppy food is designed to support the extra requirements in energy, proteins, minerals, and vitamins that puppies encounter during their growth. These essential nutrients are the building blocks of a strong and healthy foundation, much like the carefully chosen words that form the pages of an engrossing novel. 

Adult dog food, on the other hand, caters to the nutritional needs of a mature canine, focusing on maintaining their health and vitality. Feeding a puppy adult dog food is akin to skipping crucial chapters in their life story, leaving them without the vital elements they need to flourish. 

Providing the right nourishment during each stage of our dog’s life is key. By understanding and embracing the unique nutritional needs of puppies and adult dogs, we can ensure that our furry companions grow and thrive, as they embark on the beautiful journey that is their life.  

How can I assess my puppy’s size to determine if he is ready for adult food? 

Understanding when to transition your puppy to adult food can be an art in itself.  

The key lies in recognizing your puppy’s size, which can be determined by referring to the table we previously shared. This knowledge empowers you to make informed decisions regarding the timing of the transition. 

Today, there is more to it though: new tools are available to be even more accurate here. In the world of canine care, growth charts have emerged as a valuable tool, similar to the ones used in human medicine. These charts offer a glimpse into the unique growth trajectory of your puppy, enabling you to track their progress with precision.   

Collaborating with your veterinarian, you can utilize these growth charts to tailor the transition to your puppy’s specific needs, ensuring a seamless shift from puppyhood to adulthood. You can find more about these by looking at this website.  

How does spaying and neutering affect my puppy’s growth? 

Spaying or neutering your puppy is an important topic to discuss with your veterinarian, no doubt about this.

Something very important you need to know though: recent studies have shed light on the impact of spaying and neutering on a puppy’s growth. Contrary to popular belief, these procedures do not alter the speed of growth – puppies will continue to develop at the same pace, regardless of whether they are spayed or neutered. The practical consequence is therefore the following: spayed and neutered puppies should continue to be fed the same growth diet until they reach their adult size. 

However, it is crucial to be aware that spaying and neutering can increase the risk of your pet becoming overweight. In light of this, the importance of monitoring your puppy’s growth, particularly through the use of growth charts, cannot be overstated.  

By working closely with your veterinarian and utilizing tools like growth charts, you can provide your puppy with the best possible care, ensuring their healthy growth and development into adulthood.  

References: 

Salt C, Morris PJ, German AJ, Wilson D, Lund EM, Cole TJ, Butterwick RF. Growth standard charts for monitoring bodyweight in dogs of different sizes. PLoS One. 2017 Sep 5;12(9):e0182064. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182064. PMID: 28873413; PMCID: PMC5584974. 

Waltham Puppy Growth Charts Online Resources 

Transitioning your puppy to adult food at the appropriate time is like hitting the perfect note in a symphony – it creates harmony in your puppy’s life, ensuring their health and well-being. Timing is everything, and choosing the right moment to make this shift can have a profound impact on your furry friend’s journey. We have evidence today that everything that happens during puppyhood can potentially have lifelong consequences. Which means that your dedication to your puppy’s health and happiness during this period will be rewarded with a lifetime of cherished memories and the joy that comes from witnessing their transformation from puppy to adult dog. That is something important to always keep in mind, and armed with the knowledge within this blog, you are now better equipped to make the right decisions!  

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Emmanuel Fontaine graduated from the Toulouse Veterinary School in 2004, he continued his studies at the Alfort Veterinary School (Paris) as trainee Vet in the domestic carnivore unit of the Reproduction Department. From 2005 to 2011, he worked at the Centre d’Etude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA) [Research Centre for Reproduction in Carnivores], a unit specializing in pet breeding assistance. Emmanuel Fontaine is also qualified at the European College for Animal Reproduction (ECAR) and completed his PhD in 2012 on the use of GnRH agonists in canines. From September 2011 to September 2018, he worked as Technical Services Veterinarian for the PRO team at Royal Canada. He then was in charge of Scientific Communication for the Americas until August 2022. He now works as Senior Scientific Communications Veterinarian for Royal Canin North America.   

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